Palabras clave
Microambiente inmune reproductivo
Inflammaging
Envejecimiento ovárico
Calidad oocitaria
Cómo citar
Resumen
Durante mucho tiempo, la investigación en la biología ovárica se centró en el folículo, la unidad funcional del ovario. Sin embargo, evidencias científicas recientes indican la relevancia de la respuesta inmunológica en la modulación de la función ovárica. En este sentido, se ha propuesto el concepto de “Microambiente Inmunológico Reproductivo” que estudia el microambiente en tejidos asociados a la reproducción, tales como el espacio intersticial de los testículos, el estroma ovárico y el endometrio, y su relación con las células inmunes residentes en los mismos. Particularmente, en el ovario, múltiples evidencias demuestran el rol clave de las células inmunes en la fisiología ovárica. Entre las células presentes, se encuentran los macrófagos, linfocitos T, células dendríticas, células NK y mastocitos, quienes aportan a la regulación inmune, la síntesis de estrógenos y la ovogénesis entre otros procesos. De estas poblaciones inmunes, los macrófagos son de especial interés ya que, por su capacidad de integrar información de los sistemas nervioso, inmune y endocrino junto a su plasticidad funcional y capacidad de secreción de múltiples factores, están involucrados en prácticamente toda la fisiología del ovario. Otro concepto recientemente propuesto es el “inflammaging” que hace referencia a la inflamación asociada a la edad. Esta inflamación es sistémica, crónica y de bajo grado, asociada a un aumento de mediadores proinflamatorios, diferenciándose de la inflamación local aguda que caracteriza a las lesiones o infecciones por patógenos. Además de forma parte del proceso de envejecimiento normal, el inflammaging se lo ha asociado con diversas patologías. En el ovario, distintos reportes relacionan la respuesta inmune inflamatoria y la fibrosis características del envejecimiento ovárico al proceso de inflammaging. En esta actualización discutiremos estos nuevos conceptos del microambiente inmunológico reproductivo y el inflammaging y cómo repercuten en el envejecimiento ovárico afectando la calidad ovocitaria.
Citas
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